在蕭伯納一生的創(chuàng)作中,他始終秉持這樣的信念,即戲劇要承載重要的社會使命。他反對“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”的文學(xué)主張,認為一切偉大的藝術(shù)都是“載道”的,戲劇是教育與宣傳的工具,其目的不是供人娛樂,而是鞭撻社會,因此,戲劇必須取材于現(xiàn)實生活,作家在處理題材時,須闡明其社會意義。為了表現(xiàn)思想沖突,蕭伯納采用了爭辯式對白,這樣,在演出過程中就要求觀眾積極參與到劇中來。蕭伯納出生于一個清貧卻要維持“上等人”門面的家庭。父親酗酒。母親有一副美好的歌喉,因與丈夫不和,最終到倫敦以教唱歌為生。不快樂的童年,使蕭伯納自幼就體會到“貧窮就是罪惡”。這一理念,成了他最初幾個劇本的主題。蕭伯納離開愛爾蘭來到倫敦后,目睹了維多利亞時期繁榮的消失。一次比一次規(guī)模更大的資本主義經(jīng)濟危機,使知識分子受到強烈震撼。倫敦出現(xiàn)了各種標(biāo)榜社會主義的小團體。他們舉辦的演講和辯論,吸引了蕭伯納。他堅信,資本主義社會必須改革。后來,他開始到大英博物館閱覽室閱讀馬克思的《資本論》。對馬克思政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)的研究,給他的戲劇創(chuàng)作帶來巨大影響。其作品曾被好萊塢拍過電影,叫《窈窕淑女》。在中國上映時,曾引發(fā)極大轟動。
鮮花
咖啡
鉆石
豪車
房子
刀片
普通
1
19萬
0
Thomas Hardy's final novel "Jude the Obscure" began as a serial publication on December 1894 before being published in book form the following year. It is the story of its titular character Jude Fawley, a young lower-class man with dreams of being a scholar, and his relationships with his wife, Arabella, and his free-spirited cousin, Sue Bridehead. The novel follows the life of Jude from his youth living in a village in southern England where he works in a bakery and studies Classical Greek and Latin in his spare time with hopes of one day becoming a scholar at Christminster, a fictional city modeled after Oxford. His dreams are dashed however when he becomes ensnared by deceit into marriage with Arabella Donn, a coarse and superficial girl. What follows is a classic and tragic tale that plays upon many themes, principally of which is the idea that one's ruinous downfall is the product of having lived a sinful life. Having been harshly criticized in its day for its scandalous portrayals, "Jude the Obscure" has since been recognized as one of Hardy's finest and most intricate works.
《野性的呼喚》是由20世紀(jì)初美國著名小說家杰克·倫敦所著,并于1903年發(fā)表。全書以19世紀(jì)淘金熱為大背景,當(dāng)時,強壯的拉雪橇的狗成為搶手貨。小說主人公是一條名叫巴克的狗,本來它是家養(yǎng)的,但被人偷走,變賣到生存環(huán)境十分惡劣的阿拉斯加,去拉雪橇。巴克不得不強迫自己適應(yīng)環(huán)境,與其他的狗打架爭奪地位,最終生存下來,并成為動物群中的首領(lǐng)。該書出版后,即給杰克倫敦贏得巨大聲譽。早在1908年,該書就被改編成電影,此后,又多次被拍攝成電影。小說《白狼》于1906年出版發(fā)行,大背景也是19世紀(jì)的淘金熱潮,也是從狗的角度,來看待人類的小說,可以說是《野性的呼喚》的姊妹篇,小說在人性、道德與救贖方面都有很深刻的探索。該小說多次被排成電影,最后一次是1991年,被好萊塢排成電影,受到觀眾們的歡迎。本版本是美國人最認可的哥登堡權(quán)威本。